Andromonoecy functional through heterostyly and large carpenter bees as principal pollinators in Solanum carolinense L. (Solanaceae)

Solanum carolinense is a perennial shrubby weed. In this species, andromonoecy functional through heterostyly represented by the production of long, semi-long, medium, & short-styled flower types and another type lacking style stigma completely. All plants produce long-styled flowers while all individuals do not other types. The long- semi-long-styled are functionally co-sexual fruit female-sterile fruit. position in facilitates act pollination pollinator bees. Xylocopa bees large-bodied specialist which collect pollen from poricidal anthers efficiently plant displaying buzzing behaviour treated as principal pollinators. small-bodied display to release but they simply residual available around rim apical pore anthers, hence supplementary pollinators only. plant, length has positive relationship with deposition negative removal visited large carpenter genus hence, pollinator-specific interactions morphology important maintenance perfect evolution species. Florivory Mylabris pustulata could vary rate S. favor higher floral-sex ratios biased favour proportion flowers.